Free and bound 3-Monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and glycidyl esters (GE) are harmful process contaminants with genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. They are mainly produced during the deodorization of refined vegetable and fish oils. Other sources of contamination in the food chain include additives like emulsifiers, food processing techniques such as frying, smoking, or baking, ingredients like modified starches, and even packaging materials.
The current regulatory landscape in the European Union (EU) includes maximum levels for GE in oils/fats and infant formula, which have been set by EU Regulation 2018/290. In addition, maximum levels for 3-MCPD have been set by EU Regulation 2020/1322. Analytical performance criteria for 3-MCPD and GE throughout the EU are regulated by EU Regulation 333/2007 and its amendments. New consolidated maximum levels for contaminants in food and feed have been set under EU Regulation 2023/915. In addition, as of 2023, maximum levels for 3-MCPD and GE in emulsifiers (E 422, E 471, E475 and E476) are set out in EU Regulation 2023/1329 and EU Regulation 2023/1428.
Future risk management measures in the EU involve reducing current maximum levels of 3-MCPD in infant formula, discussing additional levels for 3-MCPD and GE in baby and toddler food, with a focus on the vulnerability of this consumer group. A guideline for uniform application of Article 3 in EU Regulation 2023/915, allowing the transfer of maximum levels in oils and fats to compound foods by means of processing factors, is planned. The EU will fund standardization projects for 3-MCPD and GE, and there's a proposal to revise European performance criteria for official food control methods, including a new guideline for determining the limit of quantification based on the lowest validated level concept. This comprehensive approach underscores the EU's commitment to safeguarding consumer health and advancing continuous improvement in food safety standards.
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